In our first session on Simple Machines, we covered inclined planes and pulleys.

The Big Idea

The key point to inclined planes is that lifting a heavy load using the inclined plane (aka ramp) takes less force than just lifting it straight up, but the load travels over a longer distance. You could give kids a heavy load and ask them to lift it straight up to a table, shelf, or platform on a slide. Then give them a short, steep ramp to push it up. Then give them a much longer, and not so steep ramp. Which is easiest/the least work?

The way we illustrated this was with a step ladder, a stuffed elephant, and a board. “Can this elephant jump up to the top platform on the ladder? No! Could you lift an elephant up to a high platform? No. What if we put this steep ramp here? Now can it do it? Yes, but it’s a really steep hill. What if we put this long, not-so-steep board here? Now it’s much easier. The elephant has to walk much further, but it’s an easy walk.”

Class Activities

How Much Work?

Tie small buckets to toy cars. Set up a shallow ramp by propping a board on some books or blocks. Drape the bucket over the end of the ramp. Drop pennies or marbles into the bucket. How many pennies does it take for the weight to pull the car to the top of the ramp? Now set up a steeper ramp. How many pennies (i.e. how much work) to pull the car to the top? This idea and photo on the left are from the book Simple Machines by Deborah Hodge. The other photo is our from class.

 

Note: Learning Resources has a Force & Motion Activity Set that lets kids experiment with pendulums and inclined planes. I have not seen it, but the pictures look like the kit provides materials you could use for this activity. I personally prefer making experiments from materials everyone has in their home rather than buying special equipment, because that makes it seem more do-able to replicate at home, but you may prefer pre-fab.

Measurement

This is good for kids age 6 and up: Have 5 books or 5 blocks (all the same size.), a ruler with a groove in the center, pencil, graph sheets, marble, measuring tape. They prop the ruler up on one book. Roll the marble down the groove, measure how far it went. Record on chart. Then two books, then three…  (Idea from Energy Lab book)

Art and Experience

We had kids decorate their own inclined planes (wooden paint stirrers or long wood shims). You could use acrylic paints, or markers and bingo daubers. We used Chalk Markers which work beautifully on the wood (they’re designed to wash off of non-porous surfaces like glass, and warn you not to use on porous surfaces because they won’t wash off – it was exactly what we wanted!)

Then they could take their ramps over to the testing table, prop them up on stacks of books or blocks, and roll cylinder blocks down them. It was a great way to test the idea that the steeper the ramp, the faster they roll. (Notice in the picture below the barriers we set up to keep them on the table! We hadn’t done that in advance, and our dowels kept escaping, but luckily a dad jumped in to solve the problem of them rolling across the floor.)

Egg Roll

Ramps are most often used for moving heavy things up. Another way ramps can be used is to make a trip downwards more gentle. A great way to illustrate this would be to drop an egg into a pan from 6 – 12″ high. It would break. Ask: how could I lower this in more gently? Then use a non-steep ramp to slide it gently down into the pan. We didn’t do this in class, because we didn’t want a bunch of broken eggs! But it’s a fun opportunity to do in your own kitchen the next time you’re making scrambled eggs. Or, you can do what we do when we test the egg drop challenge: make a “tester egg.” Take a plastic easter egg and put a bouncy ball inside of it. If you treat it reasonably gently, it won’t break open – just like a real egg. But if it has a hard impact, it will break – like a real egg but without the gooey mess.

Sensory Play

We had a conveyor belt toy, and kids could crank the wheel (another simple machine) to create a pulley action to move rice up an inclined plane. You could also just offer ramps to pour rice down: try using some pieces of bamboo cut into a gutter shape or paper towel tubes cut in half lengthwise, or cardboard folded into ramps with walls.

 

In the water table, we have made a milk carton cascade to pour water through.

Tinkering Project

We had our DIY marble run set up to explore. Or I also like using Tumble Trax.

Parking Garage

Our toy garage has inclined planes (ramps) to drive cars up and down, and an elevator on a pulley (two simple machines in one toy).

Large Motor

We have a small slide (inclined plane) we set up indoors. We also had two wedge shaped mats and one triangle mat. Kids set up obstacle courses, and discovered that it’s much easier to climb up the non-steep wedge than up the steep triangle.

Outdoor Time

Children played on the slide, and rode bikes up and down the hills. We pointed out that it was harder to ride up a hill than ride on the flat, but also how much faster they go when they’re going down the hill.

Another great experiment (especially if you read Raising a Bag of Toys in circle time) would be to challenge kids to lift a load up to the top of the slide platform. You could test both pulleys and inclined plane options.

Books and Songs

We read The Fort on Fourth Street: A Story About the Six Simple Machines, and Raising a Bag of Toys: Pulley vs. Inclined Plane. Find info on other Simple Machines books here.

Song: We reprised our Simple Machines theme song.

Music / Video: Sid the Science Kid has an episode about inclined planes called My Slide. It includes the song “Push it Up the Inclined Plane” which you can find here. We play it and sing along.

Follow-Up Activities

In the week after class, parents can ask their child to notice inclined planes in their world. The easiest example to show is a moving van or delivery truck: instead of standing next to the truck’s platform and lifting a box high up onto a platform, the worker walks up a ramp – it’s a longer distance, but less work. They can help their children notice ramps and hills: “This is a steep hill. It’s hard to climb up.” “Be careful riding your bike down that hill. It will make you go faster.”

My four-year-old wanted to move a big box up the stairs this week – it was big enough to slide up because it spanned a couple treads – and he talked a lot about how having the inclined plane helped him move big heavy things.

Note: All the activities described in my posts are from Family Inventor’s Lab, a parent-child cooperative class in Bellevue, WA. We are a play-based, STEM focused class for preschool through early elementary (kids age 3 – 7). We do a wide variety of fun, hands-on activities to learn about Science, Tools, Engineering, Nature, and Art. We also sing songs and read stories. Most of our activities are cheap, easy, and use everyday materials that most families would have in their homes (or their recycle bins!), so that our activities are appropriate for classroom teachers, parents who homeschool, or after school programs.